Scripts

Scripts for my charts!

This is some of the codes I wrote to create my charts. Each chart has its own code right below it.

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Random charts

Boa constrictor 🐍

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(geomtextpath)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- data.frame(a = c(2.8,2.8,3.8,2.9,2.8,3,4.5,5.6,5.7,4.4,5.8))

quote <- "'My drawing was not a picture of a hat. It was a picture of a <i>Boa constrictor</i> digesting an elephant.'"

scatter = data.frame(
  x = runif(10000,-5,18),
  y = runif(10000,-1,1)
)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

data %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = a))+
  geom_density(adjust = 1,
               fill = "#784707",
               color = "#462e0a",
               size = 3)+
  geom_textdensity(size = 5, fontface = 2, spacing = 30,
                   vjust = -0.35, hjust = 0.2,
                   label = quote,
                   color = "#462e0a",
                   rich = TRUE)+
  geom_segment(x = -2.5, xend = 12, y = 0, yend = 0,
               size = 3, color = "#462e0a",lineend = "round")+
  geom_point(x = 11.95, y = 0.002, size = 0.5)+
  annotate("text", x = 12, y = 0, label = "- The Little Prince by\nAntoine de Saint-Exupéry\nBruno Mioto - @BrunoHMioto",
           hjust = 1, vjust = 1.2, fontface = "bold",
           color = "#462e0a")+
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0))+
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(-2.5,12))+
  theme_void()+
  theme(
    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "#f7f8f8", color = NA)
  )+
  coord_cartesian(ylim = c(-.4,0.8), xlim = c(-4,13))


ggsave("elephant.png", width = 10, height = 6)

Alcohol consumption 🍺

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(readr)
library(ggplot2)
library(elementalist)
library(janitor)
library(ggrepel)
library(rcartocolor)
library(ggforce)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- read_csv("data/alcohol-consumption-by-15-19-year-old-males-vs-females.csv") %>% 
  clean_names()

countries <- read_csv("data/continents2.csv") %>%
  clean_names() %>% 
  select(alpha_3, region)

data2 <- data %>% 
  rename(male = 4,
         female = 5) %>% 
  filter(year == 2010,
         !is.na(male),
         !is.na(female)) %>% 
  left_join(countries, by = c("code" = "alpha_3"))

data_points <- tibble(
  x = c(15,38,38),
  y = c(5,5,28)
)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

data2 %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = female, y = male, 
             color = region))+
  geom_abline(color = "grey")+
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = ifelse(entity == "Brazil",
                                     entity,
                                     "")),
                  fontface = "bold",
                  max.overlaps = 40,
                  min.segment.length = 0,box.padding = 0.6,
                  show.legend = FALSE)+
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = ifelse(male > 25| female>10,
                                     entity,
                                     "")),
                  fontface = "bold",box.padding = 0.3,
                  max.overlaps = 20,
                  show.legend = FALSE)+
  geom_point(alpha = 0.7, 
             aes(
    size = population_historical_estimates))+
  annotate("text",
           x = 30, y = 30, label = paste0("\u2191 Men drink more\n\u2193 Women drink more"),
           angle = 33,fontface = "bold", color = "grey")+
  ggforce::geom_mark_hull(data = data_points, aes(x = x, y = y), color = "grey20", fill = "grey20",
                          linetype = "dashed",alpha = 0.1)+
  annotate("text",
          x = 31.5, y = 11.5, label = "A better\nworld?",
          lineheight = 0.8,
          fontface = "bold",
          family = "Open Sans",
          color = "grey40")+
  guides(size = "none")+
  #rcartocolor::scale_color_carto_d(palette = "Bold")+
  scale_color_manual(
    values = c("#7f3c8d",
               "#11a579",
               "#3969ac",
               "#e68310",
               "#e73f74")
  )+
  scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_number(scale = 1,suffix = "L"),
                     expand = expansion(mult = c(0,0.05)))+
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::label_number(scale = 1,suffix = "L"),
                     expand = expansion(mult = c(0,0.05)))+
  labs(
    title = "Average alcohol consumption with 15-19 year old, 2010",
    subtitle = "Measured in litres of pure alcohol per year",
    x = "Avg alcohol consumption per capita (Females)",
    y = "Avg alcohol consumption per capita (Males)",
    color = "Continent",
    caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - Data: WHO, Global Health Observatory (GHO)"
  )+
  theme_classic()+
  theme(
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    legend.margin = margin(0,0,0,0,"pt"),
    legend.text = element_text(margin = margin(0,5,0,0, unit = 'pt')),
    legend.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.text = element_text(face = "bold", angle = c(1,3,-3,-5,6)),
    legend.position = "top",
    panel.grid.major = element_line_wiggle(2.5),
    panel.grid.minor = element_line_wiggle(2.5, color = "#f1f1f1"),
    axis.line = element_line_wiggle(3),
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans")
  )+
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0,40),
                  ylim = c(0,40))


ggsave("test12_5.png", width = 6, height = 5)

Pfizer vaccine 💉

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggrepel)
library(extrafont)
library(readr)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/brunomioto/dataviz/main/pfizer_vaccine/pfizer_vaccine_trial.csv")

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

data %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = days_after_dose_1))+
  #dif
  geom_segment(aes(x = 110, xend = 110, y = 0.29413854, yend = 2.24653641),
               color = "#bdbdbd",
               size = 2)+
  geom_label(aes(x = 110, y = 1.4, label = "7.6x"),
             color = "#bdbdbd",
             fill = "#fcfcfc",
             size = 8,
             label.padding = unit(10, "pt"),
             label.size = NA,
             hjust = 0.43)+
  #placebo
  geom_step(aes(y = placebo),
            color = "#f76833",
            size = 1)+
  geom_point(data = data %>%  
               distinct(placebo, .keep_all = TRUE),
             aes(y = placebo),
             color = "#f76833",
             shape = 21,
             fill = NA)+
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = ifelse(days_after_dose_1 == 73, "Placebo group",""),
                      y = placebo),
                  nudge_x = -5,
                  box.padding = 0.5,
                  nudge_y = 0.3,
                  segment.curvature = 0.1,
                  segment.ncp = 3,
                  segment.angle = 20,
                  fontface = "bold",
                  color = "#f76833",
                  size = 4)+
  #vaccine
  geom_step(aes(y = vaccine),
            color = "#196299",
            size = 1)+
  geom_point(data = data %>%  
               distinct(vaccine, .keep_all = TRUE),
             aes(y = vaccine),
             color = "#196299",
             shape = 21,
             fill = NA)+
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = ifelse(days_after_dose_1 == 96, paste("Vaccinated group\nBNT162b2 (30\u03bcg)"),""),
                      y = vaccine),
                  nudge_x = -5,
                  box.padding = 0.5,
                  nudge_y = 0.3,
                  segment.curvature = 0.1,
                  segment.ncp = 3,
                  segment.angle = 20,
                  fontface = "bold",
                  color = "#196299",
                  size = 4)+
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0,2.4,0.4), expand = expansion(mult = c(0,0.05)))+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,119,7), expand = expansion(mult = c(0.01,0.02)))+
  coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0,2.4))+
  labs(
    title = "COVID-19 incidence rates in Pfizer/BioNTech's vaccine trial",
    x = "Days after first dose",
    y = "Cumulative incidence (%)",
    caption = "Chart: Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - Source: New England Journal of Medicine"
  )+
  theme_minimal()+
  theme(
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#fcfcfc", color = NA),
    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
    axis.line.x = element_line(),
    axis.ticks.x = element_line(),
    axis.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.text = element_text(face = "bold", size = 10),
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans"),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 16),
    plot.margin = margin(10,10,10,10, unit = "pt")
  )

ggsave("pfizer_trial.png", width = 10, height = 7)

Spider 🕷️

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(readr)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggtext)
library(ggthemes)
library(nflplotR) #we can use ggpath now

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- read_csv("species_export_20220408.csv")

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

#point
plot <- data %>% 
  group_by(year) %>% 
  count() %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(cum_sum = cumsum(n)) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = cum_sum))+
  geom_line(color = "grey50")+
  geom_point(
    aes(color = ifelse(year == 2022, "#735133", "grey50"))
  )+
  annotate(
    geom = "curve", x = 1950, y = 45000, xend = 2022, yend = 50000, 
    curvature = -.2,
    color = "#735133"
  ) +
  geom_richtext(x = 1950, 
                y = 40000, 
                size = 4.5,
                color = "#735133",
                label.color = NA,
                fill = "#f0f0f0",
                label = "<i>Guriurius minuano</i><br>Marta, Bustamante, Ruiz &<br>Rodrigues, 2022"
  )+
  annotate(
    nflplotR::GeomFromPath,
    x = 1787, y = 40000,
    path = "./spider_picture.png",
    width = 0.2
  ) +
  scale_color_identity()+
  scale_y_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0.02,0.02)),
                     labels = scales::unit_format(big.mark = ",", unit = ""))+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(seq(1750, 2022, 25),2022))+
  labs(
    title = "The world of spiders: The 50,000th species described!",
    x = "Year",
    y = "Number of species",
    caption = "Data: World Spider Catalog\nFigure:  Marta, Bustamante, Ruiz & Rodrigues (2022)"
  )+
  theme_fivethirtyeight() +
  theme(
    panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank(),
    axis.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(5,0,-5,0)),
    plot.caption = element_text(margin = margin(0,0,0,0))
  )+
  coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0,NA))

Star Wars 🌌

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(readr)
library(ggfx)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- dplyr::starwars

list_char <- c("Luke Skywalker",
               "Darth Vader",
               "Obi-Wan Kenobi",
               "Yoda",
               "Mace Windu",
               "Leia Organa")

data2 <- data %>%
  mutate(height = height/100)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

plot <- data2 %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = height, y = height))+
    #Yoda
    with_outer_glow(
      geom_segment(data=filter(data2,name == "Yoda"),
                   aes(x = 0, xend = height, yend = name, y = name),
                   color = "#ffffff",
                   size = 3,
                   lineend = "round"),
      colour = "#02fe2c",
      sigma = 20,
      expand = 10
    )+ 
    #Leia
    with_outer_glow(
      geom_segment(data=filter(data2,name == "Leia Organa"),
                   aes(x = 0, xend = height, yend = name, y = name),
                   color = "#ffffff",
                   size = 3,
                   lineend = "round"),
      colour = "#006be4",
      sigma = 20,
      expand = 10
    )+ 
    #luke
    with_outer_glow(
      geom_segment(data=filter(data2,name == "Luke Skywalker"),
                   aes(x = 0, xend = height, yend = name, y = name),
                   color = "#ffffff",
                   size = 3,
                   lineend = "round"),
      colour = "#02fe2c",
      sigma = 20,
      expand = 10
    )+
    #Obi-Wan Kenobi
    with_outer_glow(
      geom_segment(data=filter(data2,name == "Obi-Wan Kenobi"),
                   aes(x = 0, xend = height, yend = name, y = name),
                   color = "#ffffff",
                   size = 3,
                   lineend = "round"),
      colour = "#006be4",
      sigma = 20,
      expand = 10
    )+ 
    #Mace Windu
    with_outer_glow(
      geom_segment(data=filter(data2,name == "Mace Windu"),
                   aes(x = 0, xend = height, yend = name, y = name),
                   color = "#ffffff",
                   size = 3,
                   lineend = "round"),
      colour = "#d413ef",
      sigma = 20
    )+
    #darth vader
    with_outer_glow(
      geom_segment(data=filter(data2,name == "Darth Vader"),
                   aes(x = 0, xend = height, yend = name, y = name),
                   color = "#ffffff",
                   size = 3,
                   lineend = "round"),
      colour = "#e00301",
      sigma = 30,
      expand = 10
    )+
    labs(
      title = "Height of some Star Wars characters",
      x = "Height, m",
      caption = "Bruno Mioto - @BrunoHMioto"
    )+
    scale_x_continuous(expand = expansion(mult = c(0,0.05)))+
    scale_y_discrete(limits = c("Yoda",
                                "Leia Organa",
                                "Luke Skywalker",
                                "Obi-Wan Kenobi",
                                "Mace Windu",
                                "Darth Vader"))+
    theme_minimal()+
    theme(
      plot.background = element_rect(fill = "black"),
      panel.background = element_rect(fill = "black"),
      panel.grid.major.y = element_line(linetype = "dashed", color = "grey"),
      panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank(),
      panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
      plot.title.position = "plot",
      plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.5)),
      text = element_text(color = "white", face = "bold"),
      axis.text = element_text(color = "white"),
      axis.title.x = element_blank(),
      axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90,vjust = 0.5, hjust = 1)
    )+
  coord_flip()


ggsave(plot = plot, "starwars_height_flip.png", height = 10, width = 5)

Copacabana 🏖️

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(tidyverse)
library(ggforce)
library(patchwork)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

col_1 <- c("a", "b", "c", "d")
col_2 <- c("e", "f", "g", "h")
col_3 <- c("i", "j", "k", "l")
value <- c(0, 5, 5, 5)

df <- data.frame(col_1, col_2, col_3, value)

df <- gather_set_data(df, 1:3)

df$y <- factor(df$y, levels = c("a", "b", "c", "d",
                                "f", "g", "h", "e",
                                "i", "j", "k", "l"
                                ))

# plot -------------------------------------------------

a <- df %>%
  ggplot(aes(x, id = id, split = y, value = value)) +
  geom_parallel_sets(
    fill = "black",
    axis.width = 0,
    sep = 0.5,
    strength = 0.7
  ) +
  geom_parallel_sets_axes(axis.width = 0) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  scale_x_discrete(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  theme_void()

# copacabana ------------------------------------------

(a|a|a|a|a)/(a|a|a|a|a)

ggsave("copacabana3.png", width = 6, height = 6)

Eye 👁️

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggforce)
library(ggnewscale)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- data.frame(x = runif(1000),
                   y = runif(1000))

circle <- data.frame(
  x0 = 0.1,
  y0 = 0.9,
  r = 0.06
)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

eye <- ggplot(data)+
  #fundo
  geom_tile(aes(x = 0.5, y=1, fill = y)) +
  scale_fill_gradient2(low = '#ffffff', mid = "#f3f1f4", high = '#e8e4e9',
                       midpoint = 0.6) +
  ggnewscale::new_scale_fill()+
  #iris fundo
  geom_tile(aes(x = 0.5, y=0.5, fill = y)) +
  scale_fill_gradient2(low = '#2b5a74', mid = '#08303c', high = '#08303c',
                       midpoint = 0.8) +
  #iris linha
  geom_line(aes(x,y,color = y))+
  scale_color_gradient(low = "#412808", high = "#ad8d6d30")+
  #contorno
  geom_hline(yintercept = 1.5, size = 1.2)+
  ggnewscale::new_scale_fill()+
  #pupila
  geom_rect(xmin = 0, xmax = 1, ymin = 0, ymax = 0.4,
            fill = "#000000")+
  #reflexo
  geom_circle(data = circle, aes(x0 = x0, y0 = y0, r = r, fill = r),
              fill = "#ffffff")+
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0,1.5))+
  coord_polar()+
  theme_void()+
  theme(
    legend.position = "none",
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA)
  )

# save --------------------------------------------------------------------

ggsave(plot = eye, "eye.png", width = 6, height = 6)

US Nuclear Tests 💣️

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggfx)
library(ggpath)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

nuclear_tests <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/owid/notebooks/main/BastianHerre/nuclear_weapons/Arms%20Control%20Association%20(2020)%20nuclear%20weapons%20tests/nuclear_weapons_tests_states.csv")

usa_tests <- nuclear_tests %>% 
  filter(country_name == "United States") %>% 
  group_by(year) %>% 
  count(wt = nuclear_weapons_tests)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

usa_tests %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = n))+
  #1st bomb
  annotate(
    "curve",
    x = 1944.5, xend = 1944,
    y = 2, yend = 28,
    color = "white",
    curvature = -0.3
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = 1948,
    y = 32,
    label = "'Trinity' was the first\nUS bomb to be tested",
    family = "Open Sans",
    lineheight = 0.85,
    color = "white"
  )+
  #moratorium 
  annotate(
    "rect",
    xmin = 1958.5, xmax = 1960.5,
    ymin = -Inf, ymax = 102,
    fill = "#cbcbc2",
    alpha = 0.3
  )+
  annotate(
    "label",
    x = 1951,
    y = 87.5,
    label = "URSS, UK, and the US\nagreed to a moratorium\non nuclear weapon tests in 1958",
    size = 3,
    family = "Open Sans",
    lineheight = 0.87,
    color = "white",
    fill = "#171515",
    label.size = NA,
  )+
  annotate(
    "curve",
    x = 1955, xend = 1958.3,
    y = 92, yend = 95,
    color = "white",
    curvature = -0.2,
    linewidth = 0.3
  )+
  #record
  annotate(
    "label",
    x = 1975,
    y = 93,
    label = "After the moratorium was broken in August 1961,\nthe US tested 96 nuclear bombs in 1962",
    size = 3.5,
    family = "Open Sans",
    lineheight = 0.87,
    color = "white",
    fill = "#171515",
    label.size = NA,
  )+
  #last test
  annotate(
    "label",
    x = 1988,
    y = 31.25,
    label = "Following intense public pressure,\nthe US adheres to a testing\nmoratorium in 1992",
    size = 3,
    family = "Open Sans",
    lineheight = 0.87,
    color = "white",
    fill = "#171515",
    label.size = NA,
  )+
  annotate(
    "curve",
    x = 1992, xend = 1993,
    y = 7, yend = 28,
    color = "white",
    curvature = 0.2,
    linewidth = 0.3
  )+
  #tests label
  annotate(
    "label",
    x = 1942,
    y = 100,
    label = "tests",
    hjust = 0,
    vjust = 0.45,
    label.size = NA,
    fill = "#171515",
    color = "white",
    family = "Open Sans",
    fontface = "bold"
  )+
  geom_from_path(
    path = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Nuclear_symbol.svg",
    x = 1994,
    y = 107,
    width = 0.07,
    stat = "unique"
  )+
  with_outer_glow(
    geom_col(fill = "#fefb8c"),
    colour = "#cb3200",
    sigma = 60
  )+
  scale_y_continuous(
    expand = expansion(mult = c(0,0.05)),
  )+
  labs(
    title = "Number of nuclear weapons tests by the United States",
    caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - data: Arms Control Association (2020)"
  )+
  theme_grey(base_family = "Open Sans")+
  theme(
    plot.margin = margin(10,10,10,10,"pt"),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", 
                              size = 16,
                              color = "white"),
    plot.caption = element_text(color = "white"),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#171515", color = NA),
    panel.background = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = "#cbcbc2"),
    panel.grid.minor.y = element_line(color = "#cbcbc2",
                                      linetype = "dashed"),
    axis.ticks = element_blank(),
    axis.text = element_text(color = "white",
                             face = "bold"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10),
    axis.title = element_blank()
  )+
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(1945, 1993),
                  ylim = c(0,100),
                  clip = "off")

# save --------------------------------------------------------------------

ggsave("figures/us_nuclear_tests.png", width = 8, height = 6, dpi = 600)

NFL Charts 🏈

Black Quarterbacks ✊

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggtext)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

data <- tibble(
  name = c(
    "Doug Williams", "Steve McNair", "Donovan McNabb",
    "Colin Kaepernick", "Russell Wilson", "Russell Wilson",
    "Cam Newton", "Patrick Mahomes", "Patrick Mahomes",
    "Patrick Mahomes", "Patrick Mahomes","Jalen Hurts",
    "Patrick Mahomes", "Jalen Hurts"
  ),
  superbowl = c(
    22, 34, 39,
    47, 48, 49,
    50, 54, 55,
    57, 58, 57,
    59, 59
  ),
  team = c(
    "Washington Redskins", "Tennessee Titans", "Philadelphia Eagles",
    "San Francisco 49ers", "Seattle Seahawks", "Seattle Seahawks",
    "Carolina Panthers", "Kansas City Chiefs", "Kansas City Chiefs",
    "Kansas City Chiefs", "Kansas City Chiefs","Philadelphia Eagles",
    "Kansas City Chiefs", "Philadelphia Eagles"
  ),
  conference = c(
    "NFC","AFC","NFC",
    "NFC","NFC","NFC",
    "NFC","AFC","AFC",
    "AFC","AFC","NFC",
    "AFC","NFC"
  ),
  black = c(
    TRUE, TRUE, TRUE,
    TRUE, TRUE, TRUE,
    TRUE, TRUE, TRUE,
    TRUE, TRUE, TRUE,
    TRUE, TRUE
    ),
  win = c(
    TRUE, FALSE, FALSE,
    FALSE, TRUE, FALSE,
    FALSE, TRUE, FALSE,
    TRUE, TRUE, FALSE,
    FALSE, FALSE
    )
)


data2 <- tibble(
  superbowl = rep(1:58, 2),
  name = NA,
  team = NA,
  conference = NA,
  black = FALSE,
  win = NA
) |>
  bind_rows(data) |>
  arrange(superbowl, name) |>
  group_by(superbowl) |>
  slice_head(n = 2) |>
  mutate(
    conference = case_when(
      !is.na(conference) ~ conference,
      any(conference == "NFC", na.rm = TRUE) ~ "AFC",
      any(conference == "AFC", na.rm = TRUE) ~ "NFC",
      TRUE ~ ifelse(row_number() == 1, "AFC", "NFC")
    )
  )



# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

data2 |>
  ggplot(aes(x = superbowl, y = conference))+
  #1st black qb
  annotate(
    "segment",
    x = 22,
    xend = 22,
    y = 2,
    yend = 2.15,
    color = "black"
  )+
  geom_richtext(
    x = 22,
    y = 2.4,
    label = "<b>Doug Williams</b> was the 1<sup>st</sup><br>Black QB to start a SB",
    lineheight = 0.8,
    fill = NA, label.color = NA,
    inherit.aes = FALSE,
    stat = "unique"
  )+
  #2nd qb to win
  annotate(
    "curve",
    x = 48,
    y = 2,
    xend = 46,
    yend = 2.4,
    curvature = 0.45
  )+
  geom_richtext(
    x = 41,
    y = 2.4,
    label = "<b>R. Wilson</b> was the 2<sup>nd</sup><br>Black QB to win a SB",
    lineheight = 0.8,
    fill = NA, label.color = NA,
    inherit.aes = FALSE,
    stat = "unique"
  )+
  #3rd black qb to win
  annotate(
    "curve",
    x = 54,
    y = 1,
    xend = 52,
    yend = 0.6,
    curvature = -0.45
  )+
  geom_richtext(
    x = 45.5,
    y = 0.6,
    label = "<b>P. Mahomes</b> was only the 3<sup>rd</sup><br>Black QB to win a Super Bowl",
    lineheight = 0.8,
    fill = NA, label.color = NA,
    inherit.aes = FALSE,
    stat = "unique"
  )+
  #1st and 2nd both black qbs
  annotate(
    "rect",
    xmin = 56.5,
    xmax = 57.5,
    ymin = 0.85,
    ymax = 2.15,
    alpha = 0.3
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = 58,
    y = 2.4,
    label = "Only Super Bowls with\nboth Black starting QBs",
    lineheight = 0.8
  )+
  #2nd both black qbs
  annotate(
    "rect",
    xmin = 58.5,
    xmax = 59.5,
    ymin = 0.85,
    ymax = 2.15,
    alpha = 0.3
  )+
  #SB 59
  annotate(
    "segment",
    x = 59,
    y = c(1,2),
    xend = 59.8,
    yend = c(1,2)
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = 60,
    y = c(1,2),
    hjust = 0,
    label = c("P. Mahomes","J. Hurts"),
    lineheight = 0.8,
    fontface = "bold"
  )+
  #plot
  geom_point(
    aes(fill = black,
        color = win),
    shape = 21,
    size = 4,
    stroke = 0.7
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = 0,
    y = c(1,2,1.5),
    label = c("AFC","NFC","Super Bowl"),
    fontface = "bold",
    hjust = 1
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = c(1,seq(5,55,5),59),
    y = 1.5,
    label = c(1,seq(5,55,5),59),
    fontface = "bold"
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = c(1,seq(5,55,5),59),
    y = 1.25,
    label = "|",
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = c(1,seq(5,55,5),59),
    y = 1.75,
    label = "|",
  )+
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = c(
      "TRUE" = "#0A90C5",
      "FALSE" = "#FC670D"
    )
  )+
  scale_color_manual(
    values = c(
      "TRUE" = "black",
      "FALSE" = "transparent"
    ),na.value = "transparent"
  )+
  scale_y_discrete()+
  labs(
    title = "Breaking Barriers: A New Era for Black Quarterbacks in the Super Bowl",
    subtitle = "Representation matters, just let them play",
    caption = "Data: Wikipedia - Made by Bruno Mioto - www.brunomioto.com"
  )+
  theme_void()+
  theme(
    legend.position = "none",
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#f1f1f1",color = NA),
    plot.caption = element_text(hjust = 0),
    plot.margin = margin(5,5,10,10,"pt"),
    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold")
  )+
  coord_cartesian(
    xlim = c(-2.5,63)
  )

ggsave("figures/plot_black_qbs.png", width = 12, height = 2.7, dpi = 1200)

Time to throw ⏱️

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(nflreadr)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(nflplotR)
library(ggh4x)
library(ggbeeswarm)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

tt <- nflreadr::load_nextgen_stats(stat_type = "passing",seasons = 2022) %>%
  mutate(team_abbr = ifelse(team_abbr == "LAR", "LA", team_abbr))


tt_qbs <- tt %>%
  filter(week == 0) %>%
  group_by(team_abbr) %>%
  arrange(desc(attempts)) %>%
  slice_head() %>%
  select(player_display_name, team_abbr, player_gsis_id) %>%
  ungroup()

tt_top <- tt %>%
  filter(player_gsis_id %in% tt_qbs$player_gsis_id,
         (player_display_name != "Baker Mayfield" | team_abbr != "CAR")
         )

tt_avg <- tt %>%
  summarise(avg = mean(avg_time_to_throw))

tt_all <- nflreadr::load_nextgen_stats(stat_type = "passing", seasons = 2016:2022) %>%
  mutate(team_abbr = ifelse(team_abbr == "LAR", "LA", team_abbr))

tt_all2 <- tt_all %>%
  filter(player_gsis_id %in% tt_top$player_gsis_id,
         week != 0) %>%
  group_by(player_gsis_id) %>%
  arrange(desc(season)) %>%
  mutate(team_abbr = ifelse(season == 2022, team_abbr, NA)) %>%
  tidyr::fill(team_abbr) %>%
  filter(season != 2022) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  add_row(team_abbr = "PIT")


tt_top$team_abbr2 <- nfl_team_factor(tt_top$team_abbr)
tt_all2$team_abbr2 <- nfl_team_factor(tt_all2$team_abbr)


label_names <- c(
  "MIA" = "Tua Tagovailoa",
  "LV" = "Derek Carr",
  "NYJ" = "Zach Wilson",
  "NYG" = "Daniel Jones",
  "BUF" = "Josh Allen",
  "DAL" = "Dak Prescott",
  "SF" = "Jimmy Garoppolo",
  "PIT" = "Kenny Pickett",
  "TEN" = "Ryan Tannehill",
  "PHI" = "Jalen Hurts",
  "ARI" = "Kyler Murray",
  "CAR" = 'Sam Darnold',
  "HOU" = "Davis Mills",
  "NE" = "Mac Jones",
  "LAC" = "Justin Herbert",
  "BAL" = "Lamar Jackson",
  "IND" = "Matt Ryan",
  "MIN" = "Kirk Cousins",
  "JAX" = "Trevor Lawrence",
  "SEA" = "Geno Smith",
  "WAS" = "Carson Wentz",
  "LA" = "Baker Mayfield",
  "KC" = "Patrick Mahomes",
  "GB" = "Aaron Rodgers",
  "TB" = "Tom Brady",
  "CLE" = "Jacoby Brissett",
  "NO" = "Andy Dalton",
  "ATL" = "Marcus Mariota",
  "CHI" = "Justin Fields",
  "DEN" = "Russell Wilson",
  "DET" = "Jared Goff",
  "CIN" = "Joe Burrow"

)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

g <- tt_top %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = avg_time_to_throw, y = player_display_name))+
  nflplotR::geom_nfl_logos(aes(team_abbr = team_abbr2), width = 0.4,
                           stat = "unique",
                           alpha = 0.2,
                           x = 3.7, y = 1)+
  geom_beeswarm(data = tt_all2 %>% filter(week != 0),
                size = 2.8,
                alpha = 0.2,
                shape = 16,
                cex= 4,
                priority='random',
                color = "grey50")+
  geom_vline(data = tt_avg,
             aes(xintercept = avg),
             color = "#0570b0",
             linetype = "dashed")+
  geom_vline(data = . %>% filter(week == 0),
             aes(xintercept = avg_time_to_throw))+
  geom_beeswarm(data = . %>% filter(week != 0),
                size = 2.5,
                cex=4,
                priority='random',
                shape = 21,
                aes(color = team_abbr2,
                    fill = team_abbr2))+
  geom_text(data = . %>% filter(week == 0),
            x = 1.9, y = 1.4,
            hjust = 0,
            family = "Open Sans",
            aes(label = paste0(scales::number(avg_time_to_throw,accuracy = 0.01)," s")))+
  scale_color_nfl(type = "secondary")+
  scale_fill_nfl(type = "primary")+
  facet_wrap2(team_abbr2~.,
              labeller = as_labeller(label_names),
              scales = "free_y",
              axes = "x",
              remove_labels = "x",
              ncol = 4)+
  labs(
    title = "Average time to throw for each QB - 2022 Regular season",
    subtitle = glue::glue("Current season highlighted - QB with most attempts per team. NFL 2022 season average ({round(tt_avg$avg,2)} sec) in blue."),
    caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - Data: Next Gen Stats with nflreadr"
  )+
  theme_classic()+
  theme(
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans"),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 18),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.text.y = element_blank(),
    axis.title = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks.x = element_line(color = "black", size = 0.8),
    axis.line.y = element_blank(),
    axis.line.x = element_line(size = 0.8),
    panel.grid.major.x = element_line(),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#f0f0f0"),
    strip.background = element_blank(),
    strip.text = element_text(face = "bold", size = 10)
  )


ggsave(plot = g, "ttt_2022_season_logo.png", width = 9, height = 9)

Players by draft round 🎟️

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(readr)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(nflplotR)
library(nflfastR)
library(ggchicklet)
library(ggh4x)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

url <- "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ajreinhard/NFL-public/main/misc-data/2013_to_2022_init53.csv"

rosters <- read_csv(url)

roster_2022 <- rosters %>% 
  filter(season == 2022) %>% 
  mutate(draft_rnd = ifelse(draft_type == "Undrafted","UFA",draft_rnd))

round_players <- roster_2022 %>% 
  count(team, draft_rnd) %>% 
  left_join(nflfastR::teams_colors_logos,
          by = c("team" = "team_abbr"))


round_players$team <- nfl_team_factor(round_players$team)

round_players$team_division <- factor(round_players$team_division,
                                      levels = c("AFC West","AFC North","AFC South","AFC East",
                                                 "NFC West","NFC North","NFC South","NFC East"))

round_players$draft_rnd <- factor(round_players$draft_rnd,
       levels = c("1","2","3","4","5","6","7","UFA"))

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

round_players %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = team, y = n, fill = draft_rnd))+
  geom_chicklet()+
  geom_text(position = position_stack(vjust = 0.5,reverse = TRUE),
            aes(label = ifelse(n > 2, n, "")),
            color = "white")+
  facet_wrap2(~team_division, ncol = 4, scales = "free_y", axes = "all")+
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0,50,10),
                     expand = c(0,0))+
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = c('#dc3913',
               '#3366cc',
               '#0f9618',
               '#992299',
               '#0099c6',
               '#dd4477',
               '#e67300',
               '#737373')
  )+
  labs(
    title = "Number of players of each team by draft round in the 2022 season",
    fill = "Draft round",
    caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - Data: TheFootballDB by @reinhurdler"
  )+
  guides(fill = guide_legend(nrow = 1,
                             label.position = "bottom"))+
  theme_minimal()+
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.5), face = "bold"),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA),
    plot.margin = margin(15,15,15,15,unit = "pt"),
    legend.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.text.y = element_nfl_logo(size = 0.7),
    axis.title = element_blank(),
    legend.position = "top",
    legend.spacing.x = unit(0.1, 'cm'),
    legend.spacing.y = unit(0, 'cm'),
    legend.key.height =  unit(1, "cm"),
    legend.box.margin = margin(-5,0,-10,0,unit = "pt"),
    panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "#999999"),
    strip.text = element_text(size = rel(1.2),
                              face = "bold"),
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans")
  )+
  coord_flip()

ggsave("rnd_players_2022.png", width = 10, height = 6)

Early-Late downs QBs slope 🚀

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(nflreadr)
library(nflplotR)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggrepel)
library(tidyr)
library(ggtext)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

pbp <- load_pbp(seasons = 2022)
rosters <- load_rosters(2022)

snap_counts <- nflreadr::load_snap_counts()

snap_counts_topQB <- snap_counts %>%
  filter(position == "QB") %>%
  group_by(team, player, pfr_player_id) %>%
  summarise(total_off_snaps = sum(offense_snaps)) %>%
  filter(!pfr_player_id %in% c("RushCo00")) %>%
  group_by(team) %>%
  arrange(desc(total_off_snaps)) %>%
  slice_head()

qb_active <- rosters %>%
  filter((pfr_id %in% c(snap_counts_topQB$pfr_player_id))|
           gsis_id == "00-0038102" #Kenny Pickett
  )

QB_EPA <- pbp %>%
  filter(!is.na(qb_epa),
         passer_id %in% qb_active$gsis_id,
         qb_dropback == 1,
         down <= 4
  ) %>%
  mutate(down_type = ifelse(down %in% c(1,2), "early", "late")) %>%
  group_by(name, passer_id, posteam, season, down_type) %>%
  summarize(tot_epa = sum(qb_epa),
            mean_epa = mean(qb_epa),
            n = n()) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  left_join(rosters, by = c("passer_id" = "gsis_id"))

QB_EPA_better <- QB_EPA %>%
  select(-c(tot_epa,n)) %>%
  pivot_wider(
    names_from = down_type,
    values_from = mean_epa
  ) %>%
  pull(name)

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

QB_EPA %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = down_type, y = mean_epa, color = posteam, group = posteam))+
  annotate(
    "segment",
    x = -Inf, xend = 2,
    y = seq(-0.4,0.8,0.2), yend = seq(-0.4,0.8,0.2),
    color = "#d1d1d1",
    linetype = "dashed",
    linewidth = 0.4)+
  geom_vline(xintercept = c(1,2))+
  geom_line(data = . %>% filter(!name %in% QB_EPA_better),
            color = "grey")+
  geom_point(data = . %>% filter(!name %in% QB_EPA_better),
             color = "grey",
             shape = 21,
             fill = "white")+
  geom_text_repel(data = . %>% filter(down_type == "late",
                                      name %in% QB_EPA_better),
                  aes(x = 2,
                      label = last_name),
                  nudge_x = 0.05,
                  hjust = 0,
                  direction = "y",
                  min.segment.length = unit(8,"pt"),
                  fontface = "bold",
                  family = "Open Sans"
  )+
  geom_line(data = . %>% filter(name %in% QB_EPA_better),
            linewidth = 1)+
  geom_point(data = . %>% filter(name %in% QB_EPA_better),
             shape = 21,
             size = 2,
             fill = "white")+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = 1.5, y =0.46, angle = 35,
    label = "Better on late downs"
  )+
  annotate(
    "text",
    x = 1.5, y = -0.31, angle = -32,
    label = "Worse on late downs",
    color = "grey"
  )+
  scale_x_discrete(
    expand = expansion(mult = c(0.2,0.4)),
    labels = c(
      "Early Downs\n(1st/2nd)",
      "Late Downs\n(3rd/4th)"
    )
  )+
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(-1,1,0.2)
  )+
  scale_color_nfl()+
  labs(
    title = "<span style='color:#E31837'>Mahomes</span> and <span style='color:#008E97'>Tua</span> are another level for late downs",
    y = "EPA/dropback",
    caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - data: @nflverse"
  )+
  theme_minimal()+
  theme(
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans"),
    plot.title = element_markdown(size = 13, face = "bold"),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#f1f1f1", color = NA),
    axis.title.x = element_blank(),
    axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold"),
    panel.grid = element_blank()
  )

ggsave("slope_early_late_downs.png", width = 5, height = 6)

Mahomes Scale 📐

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(nflreadr)
library(nflplotR)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggrepel)
library(tidyr)
library(elementalist)
library(stringr)
library(scales)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

pbp <- nflreadr::load_pbp(seasons = c(2018:2022))

QB_data <- pbp %>%
  dplyr::filter(
    !is.na(qb_epa),
    qb_dropback == 1,
    down <= 4
    ) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(down_var = ifelse(down <= 2, 
                                  "early", 
                                  "late")
                ) %>% 
  dplyr::group_by(name, 
                  passer_id, 
                  posteam, 
                  down_var
                  ) %>% 
  dplyr::summarize(
    mean_epa = mean(qb_epa),
    n = n()
    ) %>% 
  dplyr::filter(n >= 100) %>% 
  tidyr::pivot_wider(
    names_from = down_var,
    values_from = c(mean_epa,n)
    ) %>% 
  dplyr::filter(
    !is.na(mean_epa_early),
    !is.na(mean_epa_late)
    ) %>% 
  dplyr::mutate(
    n_combined = n_early+n_late,
    name = stringr::str_extract(name, "(?<=\\.).*")
    )

# plot --------------------------------------------------------------------

# to ggrepel with bubble size work
my_pal <- function(range = c(1,6)) {
  force(range)
  function(x) scales::rescale(x, to = range, from = c(0, 1))
}

QB_data %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = mean_epa_early, y = mean_epa_late))+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed",
             color = "grey30")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed",
             color = "grey30")+
  geom_path(aes(x = c(0:0.1), y = c(0:0.2)),
            color = "blue")+
  geom_point(aes(fill = posteam, color = posteam, 
                 size = n_combined),
             shape = 21)+
  continuous_scale(
    aesthetics = c("size", "point.size"), scale_name = "size",
    palette = my_pal(c(2,6)),
    guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(label = "")) # hide "a" in legend
  ) +
  geom_text_repel(aes(label = name,
                      point.size = n_combined,
                      fontface = ifelse(name == "Mahomes", "bold", "plain")),max.time = 5,
                  max.overlaps = 7)+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(-0.5,0.5,0.1),
                     limits = c(-0.02,NA))+
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-0.5,0.5,0.1),
                     limits = c(-0.21,NA))+
  scale_fill_nfl("primary")+
  scale_color_nfl("secondary")+
  labs(
    title = "Introducing the Mahomes Scale",
    subtitle = "For players breaking records and charts (2018-2022 min. 100 dropbacks)",
    caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - data: nflfastR",
    x = "EPA/Play on early downs (1st&2nd)",
    y = "EPA/Play on late downs (3rd&4th)"
  )+
  theme_classic()+
  theme(
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans"),
    axis.line = element_line(linewidth = 1),
    axis.line.x = element_line_multicolour(c("black", "black", "black","black","black","black", "#E31837"),
                                           size = 1),
    axis.line.y = element_line_multicolour(c("black", "black", "#E31837", "#E31837"),
                                           size = 1),
    axis.text = element_text(face = "bold", color = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(color = c(rep("black",4),"#d02138","#e31d3b","#E31837")),
    axis.ticks.y = element_line(color = c(rep("black",4),"#d02138","#e31d3b","#E31837")),
    axis.ticks.x = element_line(color = "black"),
    axis.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "#dddddd"),
    panel.grid.major.y = element_line(color = c("#E3A3AD","#E38A98","#E36679","#dddddd","#dddddd","#dddddd", "#dddddd")),
    plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 18),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#f1f1f1", color = NA),
    panel.background = element_rect(fill = NA, color = NA),
    legend.position = "none"
  )+
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(-0.02,NA),
                  ylim = c(-0.2,NA))


ggsave("figures/mahomes_scale.png", width = 8, height = 6.5)

EPA&CPOE Scatterplot 💫

# packages ----------------------------------------------------------------

library(dplyr)
library(nflreadr)
library(nflplotR)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggdensity)
library(ggforce)
library(ggrepel)
library(ggtext)
library(ggthemes)

# data --------------------------------------------------------------------

pbp_2006_2009 <- progressr::with_progress(load_pbp(seasons = 2006:2009))

pbp_2010_2022 <- progressr::with_progress(load_pbp(seasons = 2010:2022))

pbp_all <- pbp_2006_2009 %>% 
  bind_rows(pbp_2010_2022)

players <- load_players()

passerID <- "00-0033873" #P. Mahomes

QB_CPOE <- pbp_all %>% 
  filter(!is.na(cpoe),
         !is.na(passer_id),
         down <= 4,
         game_half != "Overtime") %>% 
  group_by(game_id, game_half, passer_id) %>% 
  mutate(rows = n()) %>% 
  filter(rows >= 5) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  group_by(game_id, game_half, passer_id) %>% 
  summarize(cmp = mean(complete_pass),
            mean_cpe = mean(cp, na.rm = TRUE),
            mean_cpoe = mean(cpoe, na.rm = TRUE))


QB_EPA <- pbp_all %>%
  filter(!is.na(qb_epa),
         !is.na(passer_id),
         rush == 1 | pass == 1,
         down <= 4,
         game_half != "Overtime"
  ) %>%
  group_by(game_id,game_half, passer_id) %>% 
  mutate(rows = n()) %>% 
  filter(rows >= 5) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  group_by(game_id, passer_id,game_half, posteam, defteam, season, week, game_date) %>% 
  summarize(tot_epa = sum(qb_epa),
            mean_epa = mean(qb_epa)) 


last_game <- QB_EPA %>% 
  filter(passer_id %in% passerID) %>% 
  tail(2)



all_epa_cpoe <- QB_EPA %>% 
  left_join(QB_CPOE) %>% 
  filter(!is.na(cmp))

ggplot(all_epa_cpoe, aes(x=mean_cpoe, y=mean_epa))+
  geom_hdr(method = "mvnorm")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0, color = "#F0F0F0")+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, color = "#F0F0F0")+
  geom_vline(xintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "#333333")+
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed", color = "#333333")+
  #career
  geom_point(data = all_epa_cpoe %>% 
               filter(passer_id %in% passerID),
             fill = "#F0F0F0",
             color = "black",
             shape = 21,
             size=4,
             alpha = 0.8)+
  #text
  geom_text_repel(data = all_epa_cpoe %>% 
                    filter(passer_id %in% passerID),
                  size = 5, 
                  box.padding = 1.2,
                  min.segment.length = 0,
                  segment.curvature = -0.1,
                  segment.ncp = 3,
                  #segment.angle = 20,
                  segment.size = 0.8,
                  force = 3,
                  force_pull = 0.2,
                  max.overlaps = Inf,
                  #max.time = 5,max.iter = 1000000,
                  lineheight = 0.8,
                  bg.color = "#fafafa",
                  aes(label = ifelse(game_id %in% last_game$game_id &
                                       game_half == "Half1",
                                     #glue::glue("1st Half\nvs. {last_game$defteam}"),
                                     "",
                                     ifelse(game_id %in% last_game$game_id &
                                              game_half == "Half2",
                                            glue::glue("2nd Half\nSB LVII"),"")))
  )+
  #text
  geom_text_repel(data = all_epa_cpoe %>% 
                    filter(passer_id %in% passerID),
                  #x = -7, y = 0.75,
                  xlim = -13,
                  ylim = 0.6,
                  size = 5, 
                  box.padding = 1.2,
                  min.segment.length = 0,
                  segment.curvature = 0.1,
                  segment.ncp = 2,
                  segment.angle = 30,
                  segment.size = 0.8,
                  force = 3,
                  force_pull = 0.2,
                  max.overlaps = Inf,
                  #max.time = 5,max.iter = 1000000,
                  lineheight = 0.8,
                  bg.color = "#fafafa",
                  aes(label = ifelse(game_id %in% last_game$game_id &
                                       game_half == "Half1",
                                     glue::glue("1st Half\nSB LVII"),
                                     ""))
  )+
  #this season
  geom_point(data = all_epa_cpoe %>% 
               filter(passer_id %in% passerID &
                        season == 2022),
             aes(fill = posteam),
             color = "white",
             shape = 21,
             size=4)+
  #last game
  geom_point(data = all_epa_cpoe %>% 
               filter(passer_id %in% passerID &
                        game_id %in% last_game$game_id),
             aes(fill = posteam),
             color = "black",
             show.legend = FALSE,
             shape = 21,
             size=4,
             stroke = 1.2)+
  #annotate 1.5-1.5 -35-35
  annotate(geom = "text",
         x = 21, y = -1.17,
         label = "Passing accuracy")+
  annotate(geom = "segment",
           size = 1,
           x = 13, y = -1.25, xend = 30, yend = -1.25,
           arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.5, "cm")),
           lineend = "round",
           linejoin = "round")+
  annotate(geom = "text",
           angle = 90,
           x = -32.5, y = 0.85,
           label = "Scoring efficiency")+
  annotate(geom = "segment",
           size = 1,
           x = -34, y = 0.55, xend = -34, yend = 1.3,
           arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.5, "cm")),
           lineend = "round",
           linejoin = "round")+
  scale_fill_nfl()+
  #scale_color_identity()+
  guides(alpha = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE))+
  labs(#title = glue::glue("EPA/play and CPOE in half games of {last_game$full_name}<br> career and <span style='color:{last_game$team_color}'>2022 season</span>"),
      title = "EPA/play and CPOE in half games of Patrick Mahomes<br>career and <span style='color:#E31837'>2022 season</span>", 
      subtitle = "NFL QB games from 2006 to 2022 season",
       y = "Expected Points Added per play (EPA/Play)",
       x = "Completion % over expected (CPOE)",
       alpha = "NFL QB games density",
       caption = "Bruno Mioto @BrunoHMioto - Data: nflfastR")+
  theme_classic()+
  theme(
    text = element_text(family = "Open Sans"),
    strip.text = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.text = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.title = element_text(face = "bold"),
    axis.ticks = element_blank(),
    axis.line = element_blank(),
    plot.title = element_markdown(size = 20, face = "bold", color = "#3c3c3c"),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 12),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.margin = margin(15,15,15,15,"pt"),
    legend.position = "top",
    panel.grid.major = element_line(),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#fafafa"),
    panel.background = element_rect(fill = "#fafafa"),
    legend.background = element_rect(fill = "#fafafa"),
  )+
  coord_cartesian(ylim = c(-1.3, 1.3),
                  xlim = c(-35, 35),
                  clip = "off")


ggsave(filename = "CPOE&EPA_P_Mahomes_SB_2022_2.png",
       #filename = glue::glue("CPOE&EPA_{last_game$full_name}_{last_game$game_id}_bengals_games.png"),
       width = 8,
       height = 8)